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High blood sugar levels or Diabetes mellitus or more commonly known as diabetes is a metabolic disarray differentiated
by hyperglycemia or increased blood sugar along with some other typical signs and symptoms.
There are mainly three forms of diabetes. These are
- Type I or IDDM or Insulin dependant diabetes mellitus
- Type II or NIDDM or non-Insulin dependant diabetes mellitus
- Gestational diabetes that occurs during pregnancy.
The Islets of langerhans present in the beta cell of the pancreas are not able to produce adequate insulin (a protein required for metabolism of glucose). Type I or Insulin dependant diabetes mellitus or IDDM is typically
due to auto-immune damage of the pancreatic beta cells which produce insulin. Type II is insulin resistance and is a consequence of loss of beta cell functioning. Gestational diabetes that occurs during pregnancy is analogous to type II diabetes. In this it involves insulin confrontation; hyperglycemia or raised levels of glucose, is seen. The hormonal fluctuation during pregnancy leads to insulin resistance in those women hereditarily inclined to diabetes mellitus.
The frequent etiological aspects for diabetes mellitus are:-
- Poor and unhealthy lifestyle
- Improper eating habits
- Smoking
- Obesity
- Sedentary activity
- Lack of exercise
- Intake of excess of carbohydrates and sugars
Typical diabetes mellitus symptoms are:-
- Polyuria (frequent urination or micturation)
- Polydypsia (increased thirst and consequent increased fluid intake)
- Polyphagia (increased appetite).
- Weight loss
- Extreme tiredness
- Blurred vision
- Itchy skin
- Repeated minor infections such as thrush and boils
- Retinopathy
- Neuropathy
- Atherosclerosis.
Suffering frequently with troubles such as a heart related problems, poor wound healing, foot ulcers, fungal infections, stroke, neuropathy or deliver a baby with macrosomia, vision related problems or hypoglycemia outcomes in diabetes.
Diagnostic methods begins with oral glucose tolerance test i.e. OGTT. The fasting plasma glucose test calculates the blood glucose after eight hours of fasting. This test is used to perceive diabetes or pre-diabetic condition. The normal level is 100 mg/dl and below to it. An oral glucose tolerance test or OGTT measures the blood glucose two hours after drinking a glucose beverage. This test can be used in the diagnosis of diabetes mellitus and other pre and post conditions of diabetes. The standard value is 140 mg/dl and below to it.
In a arbitrary or random plasma glucose test, blood glucose is checked with no regard to when the person ate the last food. This test, along with a judgment of symptoms, is used to diagnose diabetes mellitus but not pre-diabetes Glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1C) is another dependable indicator of the occurrence of the disease. This method offer the blood glucose levels for the preceding three months. The normal level is less than eight percent. The likelihood of suffering from diabetes mellitus is more in following
- Over weights above 45 years of age
- People with family history
- Gestational diabetics
- Hypertensives patients
- Hypercholesterolemic patients
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